The dairy industry: Fluid milk and fermented products, Cheese manufacture, Milk microfiltration, Cheese whey ultrafiltration, Microfiltration of whey continuous operation: Batch operation, Single pass, Feed-and-bleed, Multistage operations, Example, Control methodsĬost and process economics: Arrays and configurations, System cost Modes of operation: Discontinuous diafiltration (DD), Continuous diafiltration (CD), Dialysis ultrafiltrationīatch vs. Physics of the ultrafiltration process: Example Special modules: Rotary modules, Vibrating modules, Dean Vorticesįactors affecting fouling: Membrane properties, Solute properties, Process engineering factors affecting foulingįlux enhancement: Turbulence promoters/inserts/baffles, Back-flushing, -pulsing, -shocking and washing, Uniform transmembrane pressure/co-current permeate flow, Permeate back-pressure, Intermittent jets, Pulsatile flow, Electrical methodsĬleaning membranes: Important factors during cleaning, Typical foulants and soils, Cleaning chemicals, Sanitizers Industrial equipment: Tubular modules, Hollow fibers, Plate units, Spiral-wound Physical properties of liquid streams: Density, Viscosity, Diffusion coefficientsĮxperiment vs. Mass transfer (film theory) model: Determining the mass transfer coefficient, Exampleįactors affecting flux: operating parameters: Feed concentration, Temperature, Flow rate and turbulence Models for predicting flux: the pressure-controlled region Passage (challenge) tests: Microfiltration membranes, Ultrafiltration membranesįactors affecting retentivity of membranes: Size of the molecule, Shape of the molecule, Membrane material, Presence of other solutes, Operating parameters, Lot-to-lot variability, Membrane configuration, Fouling and adsorption effects, The microenvironment Pore size: Bubble point and pressure techniques, Direct microscopic observation Inorganic membranes: Properties of inorganic membranes Polymers used in membrane manufacture: Cellulose Acetate, Polyamide membranes, Polysulfone membranes, Other polymeric materials General methods of membrane manufacture: Phase Inversion Process of Membrane Manufacture Physical chemistry of membrane separations: Chemical potential and osmosis, Vapor pressure, Osmotic pressure and chemical potentialĭefinitions and classification: Depth vs. Each chapter ends with a section of references.ĭefinition and classification of membrane separation processes
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